Tourism is one of the largest economic sectors globally. It is a climate sensitive sector, with climate being one of the most important attributes for a destination. In order to know that a region's climate what extent is suitable to the given tourism activities, the tourism climate potential must be determined. This study aims to illustrate observed the tourism climate potential of Lake Urmia Basin during 1988-2012, by using physiologically equivalent temperature (PET), the predicted mean vote (PMV) and standard effective temperature (SET). The RayMan model was used to calculate the indices PET, PMV and SET. The analysis is based on the monthly measured datasets of 8 synoptic stations. Results demonstrate that according to PET and PMV, July and August are the best months for tourists in terms of thermal comfort in Lake Urmia Basin. Also, June and September have Slight cold stress and provide acceptable conditions for tourists. In SET, the thermal perceptions in no month are comfortable. But July and August have Slight cold stress and provide acceptable conditions for tourists.

Rapid urban growth and expansion cause reduction in the level of thermal comfort in urban open spaces. Reducing the use of air-conditioning systems in buildings is one of the positive interventions for protecting the environment in the cities in order to create suitable thermal conditions in the interior space. There is a direct relationship between thermal parameters of interior spaces and the outside ambient temperature. Creation of fair exterior condition for buildings and public spaces in city is the first and foremost action in order to control and optimize the thermal behavior of buildings. In a warm climate, creation of enclosure in urban open space leads to create more shadow and decrease radiant temperature which they result in improvement of comfort condition and declining in building energy use for cooling and saving energy consumption. Today, Outdoor design should be put in our urban planning for improvement of environmental conditions. Using appropriate Enclosure in urban open spaces especially in hot and humid cities, one can improve the microclimate condition. Todays, morphological changes, plants and landscape reduction, air pollution and inappropriate construction lead to disturb the environment and increase temperature. Historic fabric is a good source for harmonizing urban planning with the climate. The meteorological parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed and radiant temperature have significant role in human and thermal comfort. Thermal comfort is a necessary factor that should be considered in every stages of urban design process. One of the main issues in the assessment of the human comfort in outdoor spaces (especially in sunny outdoor conditions) is the amount of mean radiant temperature which is the sum total of short-wave and long-wave of absorbed radiation flows by the human body. The mean radiant temperature assessment is more sensitive because radiation is one of the meteorological factors which has a huge effect on human thermal comfort. The Mean Radiant Temperature is used as a benchmark more than the air temperature or the temperature for analysis of the impact of weather on the comfort of people. In the past, mean radiant temperature of historic fabric was balanced with creation of shades and it can be seen in several design and construction strategies like high walls, narrow passage lanes, planting trees and awnings on faç ade and its glaring area. The mean radiant temperature is influenced by climatic parameters such as temperature, humidity, radiant temperature, wind, orientation and space enclosure. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of urban fabric and physical design on the mean radiant temperature to control level of thermal comfort for inhabitants. Focus on the mean radiant temperature is essential for pedestrian and urban open spaces design. Bushehr is a coastal city in the south-west of Iran (Latitude: 28° 55 N, Longitude 50° 55 E) which has a hot and humid climate. In cities, promoting use of streets and open spaces by pedestrians has physical, environmental, economic and social benefits. Thus, ensuring people's comfort in open spaces is essential for improving the quality of urban life. In a complex urban environment, the radiation is considerably different in open spaces because of buildings and vegetation shading and due to various surface materials. Shadow creation and conducting wind flow into open spaces are very important for Bushehr to improve comfort. Shanbadi district is in the eastern part of historic fabric of Bushehr. In historic fabric of Bushehr using enclosure, orientation of passages and buildings and use of appropriate materials, thermal stress in city was reduced through ventilation and shading. Also high density of physical environment has influenced the thermal comfort. Street enclosure has been created by varying the width of street and height of the buildings. Considered passage way in Shanbadi has north-west south-east direction. Shanbadi is one of the 4 historic districts in Bushehr and have lots of climatic design strategies which create harmony of urban fabric and local climate. Some passages leading to this area are input and output of the wind in different hours. 2. Materials & Methods In this study meteorological data are obtained through field study in three seasons (summer, fall and winter) and in 4 period of time. In this research summer study is analyzed. The site is in shanbedi district, one of the four old district in Bushehr. 7 sections with different enclosure were chosen in study area and climate data is surveyed during the day separately in each of these sections. RAY man 1. 2 software was used for calculating the mean radiant temperature. RAY man 1. 2 software is a tool for calculating the mean radiant temperature and heat index such as PET, PMV and SET in urban studies. Mean radiant temperature calculation in RAY man software requires some information such as geographic location (latitude, altitude and time difference with Greenwich), the time of study data (date and time of study), characteristics of meteorological data (air temperature, humidity, cloud cover, wind speed and vapor pressure), surrounding surface reflection, scattered radiation ratio, the Bowen ratio and the global radiation. Air temperature and relative humidity for calculation of the mean radiant temperature were determined by WBGT device every 30 seconds and the amount of air flow by ANOMETR 3880 every 5 minutes. Both devices were set at a height of 1. 7 meters above the ground. 3. Results and Conclusions The result indicates that in the area surveyed in the range period of 10 to 12 o'clock enclosure has the most effect on the mean radiant temperature. In many hours of the days wind has the most influence on the mean radiant temperature. There is a direct relationship between wind speed and enclosure. At 8 to 10 and 10 to 12 o'clock there is a relatively strong relationship between wind speed and enclosure, but between the period of 12 to 14 o'clock and 14 to 16 o'clock the impact of the wind speed on enclosure is reduced until it loose its effect. In this section one of the influential factor increasing wind speed is multiple passages lead to this section that guide the wind to this area. In different hours of a day we can see change in mean radiant temperature due to change of wind speed changes. Another influential factor, especially in the middle of the days, is the solar orientation when it is vertical and other factors have less influence than enclosure on the mean radiant temperature. For this time of the days awning and canopy in street is advised to decrease the amount of mean radiant temperature. Generally, in the most hours of the days wind has the greatest impact on improvement in the mean radiant temperature in this area. To improve thermal comfort in the new urban context and decrease mean radiant temperature, especially in the middle of the day, shade should be created in the pedestrian path areas, sidewalks and public spaces. It can be made through artificial roofs, locating trees which provide shadow or building projections. Smart shading devices can be used to respond to need of radiation and shading in different time of the day and different seasons. These shading devices are capable of opening and closing automatically. Other green design parameters such as photovoltaic cells and water facilities to store water can also added to this devices. It can be a good design alternative for maintaining of thermal comfort in urban open public spaces in Bushehr. In addition, creation of space with enclosure degree (ratio of height to width) of 1. 73 make it possible to create a favorable space. Enclosure can be created through use of the large tree canopy with radius more than 2m in streets which the width is more than its height. Awing projection should be at least half of the height of the openings to create thermal comfort and reduce mean radiant temperature.

According to three indicators, comfort and convenience conditions without heat or cold stress for tourists in Yasuj city, 6 to 7% of the total days of the year, i. e. about one month, which is based on the PET index, in April and based on PMV and SET indices are in late May and early June. According to PET and PMV indices, the tourism climate in Yasuj in a year is mainly cold to very cold with severe to very severe cold stress, while the conditions of the tourism climate according to the SET index are cool to very cool. Compared to the climatic realities, it seems that the PMV index better than the other two indicators reflects the tourism calendar of Yasuj city both in terms of determining the most appropriate tourism time and in terms of the main conditions of the tourism climate during the year. Regarding the study of the trend of tourism climate indicators and the parameters affecting them, the results show that the parameters of dry temperature and vapor pressure from February to July have an increasing trend and from August to January have a decreasing trend. The parameters of humidity, wind speed and cloudiness from February to July have no trend and from August to January have a decreasing trend. PET, SET and PMV indices have a trend in all months of the year except July, so that they have an increasing trend from February to July and a decreasing trend from August to January.

One of the most important parameters affecting the quality of tourism is the climate and weather conditions of the tourist destination. Most of the studies have focused on the seasons and months that are suitable for tourism. However, to determine the right time for tourism, this study has examined the differences in hours conditions during the whole of the year in Alangdareh Forest Park, Golestan province. To do this, meteorological data from the statistical period (2017-2022) was used to calculate the average value of the SET index (standard effective temperature). Then, this index was evaluated as an indicator of thermal comfort using Rayman software. Meteorological data, including temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and cloudiness were entered into the software five times a day. Based on the results, the comfortable days were divided into two separate periods. The first period starts in the middle of April and continues until the middle of May, and the second period is in October. The results of the SET index in terms of hours showed the best time for tourists to visit the park during the winter season is between 12:30 PM and 3:30 PM and during the summer season at 6:30 AM. This information can help tourists choose the best travel time according to their personal preferences. Additionally, the results indicate a continuous increase in the SET index during the six years of the statistical period which indicates a warming climate and a decrease in thermal comfort.

Climate is one of the most important factors in the development and restriction of the tourism industry, with any change or fluctuation leading to a change in the tourism industry. In this study, RayMan model and PMV and PET bio-climate were used to identify the tourism calendar in Poldokhtar, which has unique historical and natural attractions. Also, using nonparametric tests ManKendall and Sen’ s Estimator and ITA model the uniform and Non-uniform trend of tourism climate change in this city was evaluated. The results of the RayMan model show that the favorable conditions of the tourism climate are only available in April and October, thus human does not need to change the ambient temperature conditions in this month and is satisfied with the ambient temperature. Also in November and March there are more or less favorable conditions for tourism in spite of very low heat and cold stresses. No severe cold stress was observed in any of the months. In case of extreme heat stress, corresponding to PMV index exceeding 3. 5 and PET index exceeding 41 degrees Celsius from June to September, unbearable conditions will occur in Poldokhtar tourism climate. Evaluation of trends in meteorological and tourism climate changes indicates that temperature and bio-climate indices have increased, on the one hand, the thermal stresses of Poldokhtar have increased and on the one hand, the amount of cold stress has decreased. On other hand, results of ITA model show, which Non-uniform is changes of PET in April and March. Also, in more month is different internal the intensity of slope.

Climate is one of the most important factors in determining the suitable time for recreation and tourism industry. The high population of Isfahan, its suitable location at the center of Iran and having great tourism attractions has made it to be recognized as the tourism core in Iran.In this study, in order to determine the suitable time for recreation and tourism in Isfahan, the bioclimatical indexes (PET, PMV, SET) of Rayman model were used. For this purpose climatic parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, cloudiness and the wind speed were obtained form the Iranian Meteorological organization (1995- 2008) period. Finally, considering the long-term average of the parameters mentioned above, the values of the indexes SET, PET, and PMV were calculated and the climate comfort time was determined. The results which are presented as calendar time show that, according to the results of PET & PMV indexes, the days 1-17 April & 20 October - 6 November are the best time period for recreation and tourism in Isfahan. But, according to the outputs of SET index, although the climatic comfort period is in the same months, but prolonged heat stresses was the dominant condition which can’t be compatible with climate reality of the area. Finally, a comparison among 3 indexes showed that PET and PMV indexs were more compatible with Bioclimatic conditions of the study area.

Introduction: Open spaces are the most important area of human social exchange, which may be affected by a wide range of factors. Encouraging individuals for being outdoor is one of the main factors for economic, social and political development in the cities. Studying and determining the limitations and climate hazards along with noticing their hidden ecological potentials in different seasons of the year should be taken into account for different provincial planning. It can also play a key role in urban and zone planning. For this reason, the objective of this research was the determination of the thermal comfort of people in Qom Province’ s outdoor. Meterial and methods: In this research, predicted mean score (PMV), equivalent physiological temperature (PET) and human thermal comfort in outdoors of Qom Province were analyzed. For this purpose, five parameters including temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, water vapor pressure and cloud coverage in three weather stations of Qom, Kahak, and Salafchegan were extracted in a 12-year period of time (2004-2017). The data were then transferred to RayMan software in different time scales and then PET and PMV were calculated and analyzed. Results and disscussion: Our analyses showed that climate comfort period in this province was limited to two separate periods, which is simultaneous with the transition of the warm period into a cold one or vice versa. This situation contains 7. 92% of the year; the first period is during April and May, while the second period occurs in October. These months were the best times for environmental activities in Qom Province. Because of geographic variety and topographic distribution, the inconsistency of the thermal situation can be clearly observed in this research. Mountainous places were faced with cold tensions in 50. 27% of the year and low altitude places were faced with warm tensions in 51. 63% of the year. Monthly analysis showed that the limiting factors of thermal comfort in the central and eastern part of the province were medium and high thermal tensions in May, June, January, August, and September, while the only limitation of mountainous cities was the cold tensions happening in November, December, January, February, and March. The results showed that the effects of altitude and topographic distribution caused climate variations in this zone, which makes every ecological climate situation possible to happen in Qom province. Conclusion: Results of this research showed that the output of eco-climate factors of PET and PMV has the capability of clarifying comfort and discomfort periods in Qom Province. Besides minor differences, it can present homogeneous phenomenon of comfort climate in this city and provide better information for planning and management purposes. In general, according to different methods, factors, and data analysis, an integration of different factors should be considered to achieve our goals.

Software architecture is known to be an e, ective tool with regards to improving software quality attributes. Many quality attributes such as maintainability are architecture dependent, and as such, using an appropriate architecture is essential in providing a sound foundation for the development of highly maintainable software systems. An e, ective way to produce a well-built architecture is to utilize standard architectural patterns. Although the use of a particular architectural pattern cannot have a preserving e, ect on software maintainability, the mere conformance of a system to any architecture cannot guarantee the system's high maintainability. The use of an inappropriate architecture can seriously undermine software maintainability at lower levels. In this article, the e, ect of standard architectural patterns on software maintainability quality attributes is investigated. We develop a quality model for maintainability quality attributes, which is later used to compare various standard architectural patterns. We , nish by investigating two real-world experiences regarding the application of a particular pattern to two di, erent existing architectures, exploring the e, ect of the change in architecture on maintainability quality attributes.

Background and purpose: Presently, computers and the development of information technology have resolved many limitations in the health and medical arena, and have also opened many doors to improve communication, information and ability for better patient care, in health and medical care provider centers. Moreover, they have many applications such as virtual reality, medical data-bank, tele-health, expert systems and information-networks. The purpose of this study was to evaluate reporting software of ADS9 counteri’s program.Materials and methods: This research is a descriptive study which was performed in 2008. Population of this study include employees in office of statistics of Medical Universities in Iran, that work in conjunction with Hospimp software and is answerable regarding Hospimp software in the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. For data collection, researcher used a two-part questionnaire for evaluating general and specified criteria pertaining to the software. The analysis of data was used in descriptive manner with SPSS. The grade of variables studied in this research involved: evaluation of general properties, specified properties, statistical reporting, data-bases, goal of groups and aim of the program with Hospimp software, that is, in average 37.5, 22.58, 41.66, 57.14, 36.36 and 27.27, with a standard deviations of 0.09, 0.08, 0.15, 0.2, 0.15 and 0.14.Results: Technical tissue fall in the slide was not observed. 93.93 % of SCC was stained by p63. None of the small cell carcinoma was stained by p63. In the first 2 months, 53.34% of distained section’s had similar staining intensity, compared with re-cut sections, 46.66% of cases were decreased in staining intensity and none were negative.Conclusion: Generally, in the evaluated dimensions, Hospimp software has more blind spots rather than strength spots. General properties of the software have a better intensity level, than its specified properties. In order to improve and develop useable software’s in the health and medical arenas, we will recommend the development of international standards in designing, production, testing, measuring and software conservation.